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Text File
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1990-05-26
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6KB
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143 lines
█▀███▀██▀▀▀▀▀██▀▀▀▀▀█
█ ███ ██ ███ ██ █ █ █
█ ▀▀▀ ██ ▀▀▀ ██ █ █ █
█ ███ ██ ███ ██ ███ █ AC/DC THEORY
▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀
│ ┌──┐ ┌───┐
├──┐ │ │ ├──┐ ├───┘
│ │ └──┘ │ │ └───┘
└──┘ └
There are 2 kinds of electricity (CURRENT):
AC (alternating current)
DC (direct current)
It may help to think of AC current as a "pulsing" voltage
that squirts out of a generating source at a rate of speed
that is referred to as FREQUENCY.
Regular "Houshold Current" in the United States is supplied
at a FREQUENCY of 60 Hz (Cycles Per Second). Before Hertz
(Hz) was adapted as the standard reference for FREQUENCY it
was commonly referred to as CPS. (See Glossary) It is
supplied at a voltage level of 115-120 VAC @ 60 Hz.
Actually, AC current could be supplied at any frequency
rate - even up to millions of Hz. Lower frequencies are
more manageable so the original standard for the early
utility companies settled on 60 Hz. Most European countries
supply a 50 Hz AC current. As you will learn, appliances
made for American use may not be suitable if you move to
London or vice versa. And, in the use of RF energy sources
you will begin to understand more about FREQUENCY. For this
chapter we are going to assume that you do not yet know the
difference between AC and DC anymore than you did when you
first began reading.
While AC current always fluctuates at some FREQUENCY,
Direct Current (DC) has absolutely ZERO frequency. Or, it
should. When building power supplies you will be quite
concerned if you have RIPPLE in your finished device - a
tiny, yet troublesome, left over residue of FREQUENCY from
the power line source.
You see, almost every electronic product, as opposed to
appliances, must convert AC to DC before it can do anything
at all. So, the household AC current must be changed to DC
current to power your radios, TV's and whatknots.
All the way from 60 Hertz to ZERO Herts...
And, the voltage level of 115 VAC must be reduced
considerably for modern equipment such as computers (which
actually operate on voltages no larger than 5 to 12 VDC)
and solid state ham radio equipment that only use 13.5 VDC
(automotive current) supplies.
Now, you ask...
"Okay, I have AC and DC. So what?"
Well, it gets a little more complicated if you don't
understand the basics. So, notice the graph.
███████████████████████████████████████████████████████████
██ ██
██ ├──────────── one cycle ────────────┤ ██
██ ██
██ v +5 ┼ . ██
██ o ┼ . . . ██
██ l ┼ . . │ . ██
██ t 0 ├─────────────────Φ─────────────────Φ────── ██
██ a ┼ . . │ ██
██ g ┼ . . ██
██ e -5 ┼ . │ ██
██ ──── time/frequency 1 second ── ██
███████████████████████████████████████████████████████████
╔═══════════════════════════════╗ AC fluctuates from +5 volts
║ This represents 5 VAC @ 1 Hz. ║ to -5 volt. 0 volt 3 times.
╚═══════════════════════════════╝ Follow the dots...
It starts a CYCLE at ZERO volts. Half way through the cycle
the voltage drops to ZERO and also, at the end of the cycle
it drops to ZERO. Everything in between is either a PLUS or
a NEGATIVE voltage level. The FORWARD half of the CYCLE is
POSITIVE (+) and the BACK HALF is NEGATIVE (-) in this
diagram.
Now, see what DC (direct) current looks like @ (-) 2 volts.
No fluctuation. No SINE WAVE like the AC current. FLAT as a
rock!
███████████████████████████████████████████████████████████
██ ██
██ v +3 ┼ ██
██ o ┼ ██
██ l ┼ ██
██ t 0 ├────────────────────────────────────────── ██
██ a ┼ ██
██ g ┼ ....................................... ██
██ e -3 ┼ ██
██ ██
███████████████████████████████████████████████████████████
╔═══════════════════════════════╗
║ This represents (-) 2 VDC ║
╚═══════════════════════════════╝
If you move the dotted line up above ZERO, the DC voltage
becomes POSITIVE. Direct current does not "pulse" or
fluctuate between a positive and negative voltage.
If the dotted line (representing the TIME/LEVEL) had small
waves flowing through it, that would represent the effect
of not properly designing your power supply and filtering
out the original 60 Hz powering your stuff from the wall
socket.
Alternating current is usually CREATED by using a generator
to convert a spinning rotor/stator combination into
electricity. The FREQUENCY is determined by another source
sometimes called an EXCITER. Without additional circuitry
it is difficult to get an AC current out of a DC battery.
That's right. Batteries, like the ones in your car, golf
carts, watches and TV's all supply a source of Direct
current.
In many cases, when you use a small electronic device from
the AC source, the device has a power supply to convert the
AC current to DC current which actually drives the device.
For example, while it would not be practical, almost any
recent VCR could be operated by battery sources by
bypassing the power supply(s) and providing the proper
voltages and currents for normal operation.
The HAM BONE chapter on POWER SUPPLIES provides a complete
overview of converting AC to DC by using diodes and
regulator devices.
Press ESCape to return to the menu...